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The same company may also. Download presentation slides here. Posted by Unknown at AM. Labels: Refrigeration and Air conditioning. Sebastian October 8, at AM. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure.
When one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up to perform more complex operations with it.
When this task is complete, everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again. Wireless communication facilitates simultaneous data collection from thousands of sensors. There are several options for communicating to and from a cubic-millimeter computer. Radio-frequency and optical communications each have their strengths and weaknesses. Radio-frequency communication is well under-stood, but currently requires minimum power levels in the multiple milliwatt range due to analog mixers, filters, and oscillators.
If whisker-thin antennas of centimeter length can be accepted as a part of a dust mote, then reasonably efficient antennas can be made for radio-frequency communication. While the smallest complete radios are still on the order of a few hundred cubic millimeters, there is active work in the industry to produce cubic-millimeter radios.
Moreover RF techniques cannot be used because of the following disadvantages: -. Dust motes offer very limited space for antennas, thereby demanding extremely short wavelength high frequency transmission. Communication in this regime is not currently compatible with low power operation of the smart dust.
Furthermore radio transceivers are relatively complex circuits making it difficult to reduce their power consumption to required microwatt levels. They require modulation, band pass filtering and demodulation circuitry. Corner Cube Retroreflector. These MEMS structure makes it possible for dust motes to use passive optical transmission techniques ie, to transmit modulated optical signals without supplying any optical power.
It comprises of three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon. If one of the mirrors is misaligned , this retro reflection property is spoiled. The micro fabricated CCR contains an electrostatic actuator that can deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rate. It has been demonstrated that a CCR illuminated by an external light source can transmit back a modulated signal at kilobits per second.
Since the dust mote itself does not emit light , passive transmitter consumes little power. Using a microfabricated CCR, data transmission at a bit rate upto 1 kilobit per second and upto a range of mts ,using a 5 milliwattt illuminating laser is possible. It should be emphasized that CCR based passive optical links require an uninterrupted line of sight.
The CCR based transmitter is highly directional. A passive transmitter can be made more omnidirectional by employing several CCRs, oriented in different directions, at the expense of increased dust mote size. Core Functionality Specification. Choose the case of military base monitoring wherein on the order of a thousand Smart Dust motes are deployed outside a base by a micro air vehicle to monitor vehicle movement.
The motes can be used to determine when vehicles were moving, what type of vehicle it was, and possibly how fast it was travelling. The motes may contain sensors for vibration, sound, light, IR, temperature, and magnetization.
CCRs will be used for transmission, so communication will only be between a base station and the motes, not between motes. A typical operation for this scenario would be to acquire data, store it for a day or two, then upload the data after being interrogated with a laser. However, to really see what functionality the architecture needed to provide and how much reconfigurability would be necessary, an exhaustive list of the potential activities in this scenario was made.
The operations that the mote must perform can be broken down into two categories: those that provoke an immediate action and those that reconfigure the mote to affect future behavior. Smart dust is made up of thousands of sand-grain-sized sensors that can measure ambient light and temperature. Retro directive beam control systems have been the preferred method of achieving accurate beam pointing. As shown in fig. To form the power beam and point it back forwards the rectenna, the phase of the pilot signal is captured by the receiver located at each sub array is compared to an onboard reference frequency distributed equally throughout the array.
If a phase difference exists between the two signals, the received signal is phase conjugated and fed back to earth dc-RF converted. In the absence of the pilot signal, the transmitter will automatically dephase its power beam, and the peak power density decreases by the ratio of the number of transmitter elements. Rectenna is the microwave to dc converting device and is mainly composed of a receiving antenna and a rectifying circuit.
It consists of a receiving antenna, an input low pass filter, a rectifying circuit and an output smoothing filter. The input filter is needed to suppress re radiation of high harmonics that are generated by the non linear characteristics of rectifying circuit. Because it is a highly non linear circuit, harmonic power levels must be suppressed.
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